Eco-Friendly Drain Cleaners

The active ingredient in Drano and other conventional drain cleaners is sodium hydroxide, otherwise known as caustic soda or lye. It is a man-made chemical used for its corrosive properties. According to the federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the substance is not considered a pollutant per se, as it separates into relatively harmless component elements once released into water or moist soil. But sodium hydroxide is an irritant that can burn skin and aggravate nose, throat and respiratory airways, so contact with it is best avoided. If ingested outright it will likely induce vomiting, as well as cause chest or abdominal pain and make swallowing difficult — so keep it well out of the reach of children. For those who would rather avoid such chemicals entirely, safer alternatives do exist. A plunger or mechanical drain snake — along with a little elbow grease — can often free up clogs as well or better than sodium hydroxide compounds. One home remedy with a proven track record is to pour a handful of baking soda mixed with a half cup of vinegar down the drain  and follow it quickly with boiling water. Another option is to choose any number of enzymatic biological drain cleaners on the market today, such as Earth Friendly Products’ Enzyme Drain Cleaner or Bi-O-Kleen’s BacOut. These make use of a natural bacterial and enzyme mixture to open and keep drains clear. And unlike sodium hydroxide, they are non-caustic and will not facilitate combustion. As any plumber will tell you, a good maintenance regimen is the best way to prevent clogged drains. Flushing drains weekly with boiling water can help keep them clear. Also, installing small screens atop drains will help keep hair, lint and other clogging elements out of the pipeline in the first place.

Shakespeare s King Lear And The Great Gatsby - 1346 Words

Personal gratification is commonplace in society, but the force to overcome it is not. In both Shakespeare’s King Lear, and Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, man’s natural psychological id is displayed by key characters, who are all morally corrupt. King Lear has 2 distinct sides who represent the id and superego, battling over justice in a kingdom centered around a weathered king. In The Great Gatsby, a commonplace working man by the name of Nick Carraway surrounds himself with friends who indulge themselves in luxury, influenced by the psychological id embedded deep within everyone. When observing family dynamics, both King Lear and The Great Gatsby reveal family interactions are driven primarily by the id, which is further supported when considering the presence of oedipal dynamics in both novels. In terms of narrative events, The Great Gatsby’s events are heavily influenced by the id, with little to no superego expressed. In contrast, while the bulk of Ki ng Lear’s storyline is similarly driven by the id, the superego plays a larger role in resisting the id’s unlawful desires, and this is exemplified through the triumph of the superego at the story’s end. The Great Gatsby depicts how life is hopelessly overridden by human’s natural id while King Lear demonstrates how even the smallest source of superego can combat the aggressive nature of the id present in life. In both King Lear and The Great Gatsby, the id is influential in most family interactions. For instance, King

Apple Powerbook Case Write-Up Free Essays

After the failed release of Apple’s first miniaturized computer, the Portable, the company was faced with the likelihood of losing significant ground in the mobile computing market if it didn’t bring a product to market at record speed. Apple had anticipated the Portable would be competitive enough to maintain market share until its longer term â€Å"Companion† project was complete. However, thirty-six months remained until Companion would be ready. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Powerbook Case Write-Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now Weak sales coupled with Compaq introducing the far superior LTE notebook created intense pressure to bring a product to market in the next 18 months that could serve as a placeholder until the Companion arrived. Bringing a product to market this quickly was no easy task. The new portable needed to be small and compact, yet the short timeline meant only existing technologies would be available. If that was not challenging enough, the company culture was such that most products had a time-to-market of 48 months and involved a slow bureaucratic process with multiple departments needing to sign-on for each decision. Additionally, Apple still had not fully confronted the notion that their desktop core competencies were not necessarily going to translate into success in mobile computing. Despite these long odds, Apple not only prevailed, but created a revolutionary product called the PowerBook that brought in billions of dollars in revenue and revolutionized the conventional wisdom behind the company’s design philosophy. Part of Apple’s struggle in mobile computing stemmed from being the pioneer of desktops. The company felt it knew what the market wanted based on its previous success. It was with the desktop in mind that Apple released the Portable, a mobile computer designed to do everything that a current desktop could do with the added benefit of being able to collapse into a carrying case and be taken on the road. At a staggering 17 pounds and a cost of $5000, the Portable was met with plenty of skepticism and was doomed for failure. The company had simply failed to take the customer’s needs into consideration. Instead of making it smaller and lighter, as the market demanded, Apple focused on functionality and battery life. This contributed to problematic weight and size problems for the machine. The failure to recognize what consumers demanded wasn’t Apple’s only development flaw. They also failed to recognize how quickly technological trends and consumer tastes were changing. The company was still developing products on a three to four year cycle and had yet to embrace a time-to-market philosophy. Instead priorities were still â€Å"time-to-perfection† with the company maintaining that it would not bring anything to market ‘before its time’. Additionally, they still had a desktop mentality, which meant strict design regulations that hindered the development of a sleeker, lighter computer. It was a combination of these factors that led to the failed release of the Portable and created the immediate need to development the PowerBook. As Apple scrambled to assemble the PowerBook team, the project objective was clear; get a mobile computer to market at record speed and keep the size and weight to a minimum. The speed of develop was a major challenge to overcome and it was mainly due to the organizational structure. Apple structured its company by functions and departments. And instead of dedicating specific resources for a project, each department supported all projects. This led to a cumbersome and lengthy decision making process which typically involved project managers struggling to get objectives accomplished. Often times the project manager was relegated in authority and routinely superseded by functional heads with all decisions inevitably at the mercy of the president of Apple Products, John Louis Gassee. Apple realized its current structure lacked the dexterity to meet its time-to-market objective and driven by necessity made several key decisions to secure time-to-market success. First, Apple made the decision to organize the company into separate divisions: desktop and portable. Second, they decentralized engineering and product marketing, with the immediate goal of building a new portable engineering group. Lastly, although their Product and Industrial Design teams remained centralized, it was agreed that personnel from those teams would co-locate for the PowerBook project to ensure everyone was â€Å"breathing the same air and talking the same talk†. Revamping the organization structure was a key step but there were still many missteps and obstacles that nearly derailed the project. One major issue was the allocation of personnel. Despite the intense pressure and importance of the PowerBook, the company still listed the project very low in terms of priority. All of the â€Å"A† talent was dedicated to the Companion project and the PowerBook team was left with either junior level engineers or employees with only desktop computer experience. Inexperience coupled with intense pressure produced multiple mistakes along the way. Design standards were initially poor and prototype builds revealed several critical errors with manufacturing tolerances. All together, a list of 150 items was compiled of issues that the team felt needed to be addressed but it looked unlikely that the time and resources were available to make all the changes. Additionally, the PowerBook team had to overcome intense resistance from its manufacturing department. Manufacturing was accustomed to snap-together desktops and had a very difficult time coming to grips with how they could possibly assemble a portable with 47 screws. The initial reaction from manufacturing was â€Å"we can’t build this thing†. Product verification testing also proved to be treacherous. The deadline was so tight that after the manufacturing process was well underway and thousands of displays were already in inventory the risk was still present that changes may be needed. This would produce a significant waste of resources. Lastly, the PowerBook team was confronted with bringing its new creative, ergonomic design to life, while dealing with size constraints as well as a mechanical engineering team who was on the critical path and working under a â€Å"we’ll do it if we have time† approach. Despite the long list of reasons why the project should have failed, it didn’t. In the midst of all the missteps, Apple made several key decisions which propelled the project to success. One area where Apple thrived was in staffing. Although the engineers lacked experienced, the management involved in the project were innovative, creative, passionate, and practical. They worked tirelessly to make the project a reality and cared very deeply about its success. It was their innovation and tireless effort that slowly caused the project to transform. The team came to the realization that â€Å"a notebook was not a piece of business equipment that someone operated; it was a personal object with which they formed a relationship. † It was this realization that drove the project’s success. The project became not only about size but about ergonomics and about finding a way to form a connection with the user. It was with this approach that ingenious designs such as the center-mouse trackball and the use of curves took hold. Slowly the PowerBook was morphed from a product simply meant to catch-up to the market to something that surpassed any other notebook available. The team also made several other key decisions that made the PowerBook a success. One key determination was to include the internal floppy drive. There was much discussion if this was a necessary component yet key members of the project argued for its inclusion and it was later determined the product would not have been nearly as successful without it. Another key decision was dealing with the 150 issues that were identified after the prototype build. Originally, only 5 to 10 items were going to be changed. However after much discussion, it was determined the PowerBook would not be a success unless they fixed every last issue. To complete such a major overhaul in a short period of time they pulled all resources from the entire portable organization and were able to complete all the modifications in a reasonable amount of time. As one project member later admitted, fixing all 150 items turned the PowerBook into â€Å"something that I would be proud of versus a piece of junk†. One final trait that the PowerBook team used to make the project a success was persuasiveness. There was organizational resistance throughout the project. From convincing senior management to embrace the ergonomic design to convincing manufacturing that they had the ability to assemble a computer with 47 screws, the team used persuasiveness throughout the project to eventually turn a vision into reality. Apple ultimately took a big risk with the PowerBook and it paid tremendous dividends. Along the way they learned a great deal about listening to their customer and designing to their preferences. The company transformed from designing around homogeneous parameters to instead designing to the customer’s specific desires. Consequently, their product line became more flexible and adaptable to the marketplace. Apple also matured operationally during this process. Prior to the PowerBook, the organization was not designed to be time-to-market, however necessity forced Apple to restructure to keep pace with competition. The company’s human capital also benefited heavily. Mobile computer experience was at a minimum prior to the project, however the process eventually led to a much smoother release of the Companion computer several years later. The PowerBook project was fraught with potential disaster. But inevitably the company overcame many adversities and released a revolutionary product that redefined the standard of excellence in mobile computing. How to cite Apple Powerbook Case Write-Up, Papers

Business Model Design System Perspective Method

Question: Discuss about the Business Model Design for System Perspective Method. Answer: Introduction: The following paper is going to accomplish the objective of developing a coherent understanding regarding business model in terms of a concept. At the same time, the paper aims to understand the way the theoretical understanding of varied business models can be utilized for explaining aspects like value appropriation or innovation process and value creation in a business firm. Therefore, the focus of the following discourse would be to identify and explain the components involved in the process of conceptualizing the business model, the ways business models used for solving static as well as dynamic models. Furthermore, the role of business models in business innovation process would also be evaluated. As stated by Hiroyuki Itami and Kazumi Nishino in their article Killing Two Birds with One Stone, two elements a distinct business system and a particular model for profit margin are essentially required for composing a fruitful business model. It has been understood from the article of Hiroyuki Itami and Kazumi Nishino that one of the necessary components of business model, which is business system, is a system of work designed to successfully deliver the service or product to the customers (Itami Nishino, 2010). On the other hand, a profit model is considered as a particular intention of a firm regarding the ways to make profit to business. However, as discussed by Christoph Zott and Raphael Amit in their article Business Model Design: An Activity System Perspective, business model should be considered as a business system that is integrated with varied interdependent activities, which transcends the focal firm as well as expands the boundaries of business. Furthermore, the afor ementioned authors have indicated that the design of a business model plays the role of a potential decision that entrepreneurs or a new firm holders pursue for acquiring a satisfying business performance (Zott Amit, 2010). Therefore, understandably, according to the conceptualization of business model, the essential components that have been involved are interrelated or interdependent activities of a business firm or the particular activity system that enables an organization to establish value. It has been understood further that some of the chief aspects, which are integrated in time of conceptualizing business model as a system are possible business structure, accessible contents and corporate governance. However, it has been understood that based on individual business aims and purposes, different business organizations develop different business models, which are integrated by different set of activities and different resources and the performance capabilities. As per Zott and Amit (2010), the predominant objective behind designing a business model is to exploit the opportunity of a business through the way of creating appropriate values for the involved parties. At the same time, it should be considered in the context that business models and their functions as business systems have the responsibility to address and satisfy customer needs, establish customer surplus and generate profit for the partners (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). From the aforementioned point, it can be interpreted that business models are helpful system for understanding the needs of the firm partners, as it is one of the responsibilities of business models to initiate profit for them. Nevertheless, in this respect it is required to mention that business model performing as business systems, can be utilized for solving dynamic as well as static issues like problems with the internal stakeholder and issues in marketing and change in the customer demand (Morris et al., ). More precisely, it has been understood that an organizations particular business model and its static and dynamic aspects and their roles are interrelated. An organization needs to bring change in its business model or system considering the changes taking place in both of its static and dynamic aspects (Casadesus?Masanell Zhu, 2013). For example, if an organization encounters sudden change in customer demand or change in market trend, the enterprise needs to modify or bring change in their marketing tactics or need to pursue product modification. On the other hand, if an organization encounters sudden instability in the political or social atmosphere, the management of the organization would initi ally opt for modifying the working culture, manufacturing pattern or relationship with the internal and external stakeholders (Bonakdar, 2015). All of the aforementioned elements are considered as the integral part of a business model as system. As mentioned earlier, business model consists two particular models, which are profit model and business system. As per Itami and Nishino (2010), external and internal delivery process along with the business learning systems is included in every business model, therefore, in order to mitigate any issues in the profit earning system or in the internal business environment, improvement or modification in the business model would be essential. On the other hand, it has been identified that a business model, which is well articulated, provides insights to the investors regarding the ways through which a business organization creates sustainable value. Several times, business organizations attempt to pursue strategic alliance with other business parties for maintaining sustainability, expanding business or for strengthening their brand image. In the context, it should be mentioned that the phrase strategic alliance is indicative of an agreement among two or more organizations for pursui ng a particular set of agreed objectives while remaining independent enterprises (Lanzolla Markides, 2015). Some of the predominant reasons for forming strategic alliance are for forming economies of scale, for increasing competitiveness, setting new business standard and entering into new markets. Some of the fundamental roles of business models are to communicate business values, define value chain, estimate both profit potential and cost structure and most significantly the position of a firm (Kindstrm Kowalkowski, 2014). Henceforth, without the use of business model, it is not possible to understand the need of partners and not even the need of the strategic partnership. On the other hand, considering each of the above-mentioned responsibilities of business models, it is understandable that business models helps to monetize business value and assists in identifying any particular issue in business (Barquet et al., 2013). The phrase business innovation refers to the act of implementing new technology or designing new ways for making new brands or business practice. On the other side, b usiness models refer to the way of creating value to both the customers and stakeholders. Therefore, it can be said that without the proper utilization of business model, it is not possible for an organization to understand the need for brining innovative idea. At the same time, in order to identify an ideal process of innovation, there is the need to utilize the components integrated in a business model (Lambert Davidson, 2013). As identified in Hiroyuki Itami and Kazumi Nishinos argument, in every business, there is the need to learn the about the work and they assert that business model as business system effectively functions as learning systems. Two of the aforementioned authors have also asserted that business models in terms of business system is responsible for determining the elements of work flow, which are required for delivering products and for determining the information system that controls the work flow. However, from Mitsuru Kodamas article, which has focused on the business models of the Japanese business firms, it has been understood that knowledge integration procedure is responsible for establishing new knowledge through the networks those transcends corporate boundaries (Kodama, 2009). On the other hand, from the argument of Christoph Zott and Raphael Amit, it has been understood that design of a business model includes three essential elements, which are activity system content, activit y system structure and activity system governance. In the particular context, the example of the business model of the Google can be considered. The article of Hiroyuki Itami and Kazumi Nishino has evaluated the basic model of business by taking example from Google. As per the theoretical framework of business model, a profit model and a business system integrate an apt business model. Googles use of profit model indicates that the organization gains profit in a unique way. According to the profit model, the users of Google never need to pay anything direct to the organization but with the utilization of the service of Google, users provide the opportunity to the organization to capitalize on the search engine site through selling the sites space to the advertisers. Therefore, the business model of Google focus on the advertisers for the profit related concern, as they know that advertisers are the direct source of revenue for the organization. On the other side, the business system of Google is integrated by varied software and hardware capabilities like numerous elements of bespoke in-house software and in-house server system. Googles present success highly depends on its business system, which is an essential better half of its business model (Itami Nishino, 2010). It is because, through the in-house business system procedure, the organization provides fastest service to the customers and at the same time process a huge extent of contact, which the advertisers have with the customers. The application of the basic business model of Google indicates the fact that the business model of the organization plays the role of a system of work that not only satisfies the customers in a competent way, but also helps the internal stakeholders of the organization to learn about technology as well as customer reaction. Henceforth, the article by Hiroyuki Itami and Kazumi Nishino have been found the most relevant as the article has helped to acquire a clear understanding regarding the fundamental framework of business model through detailed elaboration and evaluation with handful of evidence. Most significantly, the article has helped in understanding one important fact related to business model, which is a business model functions as a learning system too. Therefore, from the above understanding it can be indicated for the future procurement of business model that, a business model should be established by integrating a distinct profit model and business system. Beside for the reason of generating insight and value for the stakeholders, business models should be designed for helping the internal stakeholders to learn the expression of the customers as well as their individual responsibilities. References Barquet, A. P. B., de Oliveira, M. G., Amigo, C. R., Cunha, V. P., Rozenfeld, H. (2013). Employing the business model concept to support the adoption of productservice systems (PSS).Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), 693-704. Bonakdar, A. (2015).Business model innovation(Doctoral dissertation, University of St. Gallen). Casadesus?Masanell, R., Zhu, F. (2013). Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor?based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), 464-482. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Itami, H., Nishino, K. (2010). Killing two birds with one stone: profit for now and learning for the future.Long Range Planning,43(2), 364-369. Kindstrm, D., Kowalkowski, C. (2014). Service innovation in product-centric firms: A multidimensional business model perspective.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,29(2), 96-111. Kodama, M. (2009). Boundaries innovation and knowledge integration in the Japanese firm.Long Range Planning,42(4), 463-494. Lambert, S. C., Davidson, R. A. (2013). Applications of the business model in studies of enterprise success, innovation and classification: An analysis of empirical research from 1996 to 2010.European Management Journal,31(6), 668-681. Lanzolla, G., Markides, C. (2015).Does the strategy field need the business model concept. London Business School Working Paper No. LBS SE WP 22. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Richardson, J., Allen, J. (2015). Is the business model a useful strategic concept? Conceptual, theoretical, and empirical insights.Journal of Small Business Strategy,17(1), 27-50. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2010). Business model design: an activity system perspective.Long range planning,43(2), 216-226. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2013). The business model: A theoretically anchored robust construct for strategic analysis.Strategic Organization,11(4), 403-411.

Who benefits from Globalization

The Consumers Decision

The Consumers Decision Introduction Consumers are individuals or groups that drive the economy by purchasing goods and services. Consumer behavior tries to explain why, how and when people do not buy or do buy products and services (Schiffman Kanuk, 2010, p. 12). As a matter of fact, it blends both aspects of sociology, psychology, social anthropology and economics.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Consumers Decision-Making Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a broad perspective, consumer behavior tends to give us a better understanding of various consumer demographics and behavioral variables. Consumer behavior tries to give us a good insight on the influence of groups and the society on a given consumer. These groups can be friends, family and reference groups (Schiffman Kanuk, 2010, p. 12). On the other hand, a consumer plays the roles of being a payer, user and buyer. Discussion Consumer behavior Consumer behavior can be further understood by looking at various buyer characteristics. This can be motivations, attitudes, personality, perceptions, lifestyle and knowledge. Most of these consumer actions are directed towards the satisfaction of needs and wants. A consumer can not make a decision unless he/she has been influenced to do so. This can emanate from either internal or external influences. Internal influences can be psychographics and demographics that are further reinforced by individual characteristics (Nigel, 2007, p. 21). External influences on the other hand, can be locality, culture, family, sex, social class or lifestyle. These aspects have an impact on the overall consumer decision. Behind the noble act of making purchases by consumers, there lies a decision process. Consumer decision making process This brings us to the consumer decision making process that goes through various stages. These include; problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, decision and then post decision evaluation (Nigel, 2007, p. 28). Problem recognition is where a consumer sees a significant difference between his two states (actual and ideal) These individual notions are got from personal expectations and aspirations. In addition, consumers will know what is ideal through reference groups, culture and effective marketing. This will lead them to the next stage of information search that may be either internal or external.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Internal information search can be done by recalling experiences and feelings. Feelings are mostly a recollection of brands and products. Information about evaluation and attributes can also be recalled (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 32). On the other hand, external search revolves around information that is sourced from outside sources. By doing this, consumers will be engaged in an ongoing sea rch and pre-purchase. These external sources can be media search, independent search, retailers’ search and internet sources. Consumers engage in external search because of their ability, motivation and opportunity to process information (Schiffman Kanuk, 2010, p. 12). After this stage, consumers have to evaluate various alternatives. This is done by identifying alternatives and a good evaluative criterion. In addition, it involves the identification of brands which ends up with the rating of various product alternatives. After this has been done, consumers are now free to make decisions. This is done by the selection and purchase of product alternatives. These decision rules can be either compensatory or non compensatory (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 39). Finally, the decision making process ends with post decision evaluation. This means that consumers will have to evaluate products as they use them. In the end, we will have dissatisfied and satisfied consumers. Consumer behavior ha s in most occasions been influenced by various circumstances. These circumstances revolve around the purchase of a given good or service. It should be understood that there are various factors that influence a given consumer behavior (Joshi, 2005, p. 16). These can be; cost of goods or services, number of alternatives considered, degree of information search, length of time to make a decision and the level of consumer involvement. In a broad perspective, they can be grouped as social, cultural, individual and psychological factors. The impact of digital revolution on consumer behavior This brings us to an important aspect of the impact of digital revolution on consumer behavior. It is undeniable that the internet (digital revolution) has changed the way people (consumers) obtain information about potential purchases. This therefore means that technology is changing their lives as consumers. Digital revolution has redefined marketing with more emphasis being laid on one-to-one market ing. This is aimed at attaining customers, selling more products and making profits.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Consumers Decision-Making Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Digital revolution has enhanced the customization of products and services (Bigne, 2005, p. 34). This means that promotional messages are being done in a different way that has never been seen before. In addition, it has enhanced relationships with distinct customers. As a matter of fact, there are various changes to the business environment as a result of digital revolution. These changes have increased consumer power and access to information. Because of this, consumers are more informed about products. Since producers and manufacturers have access to various consumer patterns and preferences, more products and services are being offered. This is because digital revolution has increased and widened the market (Bigne, 200 5, p. 39). In addition, consumers have access to interactive and instant exchanges. This has redefined the normal and traditional behavior that they were used to. In this case, consumers can order for goods online and pay electronically. This evolution (to consumer behavior) has been enhanced by web connection and mobile phones. The internet and digital revolution has changed the way consumers obtain products. A notable impact has been felt from the way consumers make purchases all over the world. Digital revolution has been characterized by the emergence of a one stop shop for all products and services. This has almost killed the traditional market place. Consumers can now access a variety of goods and services at the click of a button without any problem (Bigne, 2005, p. 39). This has ultimately changed their general behavior as consumers. Increased access to information means that consumers are in a better position to make informed decisions. This can be done at their own time an d convenience without any major concerns. Marketers on the other hand are in a better position to gather information about consumers. This enables them to devise new approaches to consumer behavior. In the long run, the general consumer patterns and behavior are altered. The most significant impact of digital revolution on consumer behavior can be seen in the purchase of goods and services (Joshi, 2005, p. 18). This is characterized by e-shopping carts and numerous electronic pay services. Definitely, this gives a new definition to the general consumer behavior. In addition, consumers have learnt to adapt to the ever- changing electronic market. This means that they have embraced e-shopping in their daily lives. Digital revolution allows and offers a responsive user friendly purchasing experience. In this case, consumers can get more value for their money as they purchase products and services. As much as digital revolution has had a positive impact on consumer behavior, there are v arious concerns that need to be attended to.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is an argument that the social aspect of shopping is being eroded (Bigne, 2005, p. 76). This is because some people enjoy talking to shoppers and sales staffs. Therefore, the social reward aspect of shopping does not exist in digital and online shopping. In addition, web access is still a problem to most consumers. This implies that low penetration of e-commerce in these areas will limit their use. There is need to deal with security concerns that have been brought about by digital revolution (Bigne, 2005, p. 98). Conclusion Digital revolution continues to have a big impact on consumer behavior. As a matter of fact, it has enhanced the customization of products and services. This means that promotional messages are being done in a different way that has never seen before. In addition, it has enhanced relationships with distinct customers. On the other hand, there are various changes to the business environment as a result of digital revolution. These changes have increased con sumer power and access to information. Because of this, consumers are more informed about products. Consumer behavior has in most occasions been influenced by various circumstances. These circumstances revolve around the purchase of a given good or service. It should be understood that there are various factors that influence consumer behavior. These can be; cost of goods or services, number of alternatives considered, degree of information search, length of time to make a decision and the level of consumer involvement. In a broad perspective, they can be grouped as social, cultural, individual and psychological factors. Reference List Bigne, E. (2005). The Impact of Internet User Shopping Patterns and Demographics on Consumer Mobile Buying Behavior. Valencia: University of Valencia press. Joshi, R. M. (2005). International Marketing. New York: Oxford University Press. Nigel, B. (2007). Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sandhusen, L, R. (2000 ). Marketing. New York: Barrons Educational Series. Schiffman, G, L., Kanuk, L, L. (2010). Consumer Behavior. USA: Pearson Education.

Campaign Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Campaign Analysis - Essay Example In September 2004, the campaign for real beauty was officially launched for the rise of some consciousness of all issue associate with beauties. The campaign was purposely meant to challenge the stereotypes that had been set by the beauty industry. It had numerous intentions in making as many women as possible feel beautiful every day. The campaign led to the release of the global research that explored the relationship between women and beauty and what beauty links to their happiness all across the world. It was such an effective campaign and was accompanied with much advertising that inspires the society and more especially women to think differently about the definition of beauty. The campaign was also attached with some fundraising initiatives that were aimed at helping young girls who had low self-esteem related to their beauty. The DOVE SELF ESTEEM FUND supported the fund raising initiatives. According to the campaign, every woman was to possess something beautiful and unique. Sixty eight percent of all people believe that unrealistic standards of beauty exist within the advertising world and the media. Forty-seven percent has believed that only attractive women are portrayed in the well-known cultures while eighty-five percent agree that beauty can be achieved through spirit and personal attitude. This was critically analyzed throughout the campaign period that left many individuals convinced about the associated beauty with the dove products. The associated strengths with the company include its broad market equipped with quality products. Their advertising is very much inspiring with much emotional appeal. This has created perfect public relations that give it enormous strengths compared to its competitors. The company has also a positive self-image. This act as a driving factor in motivates every undertaking within the company creates a motivating factor to all the stakeholders. They make broad

Economic Crisis in the Iranian Revolution Essay

Economic Crisis in the Iranian Revolution - Essay Example This essay approves that the use of military government force was also another way the Shah Regime performed dismally in their reign. The public made retaliations from increased government attacks. They targeted government security forces and fought the army in all circumstances. In an effort to try and correct their mistakes, the Shah’s government released political prisoners. The left organization political prisoners such as Tudeh, Fedayeen and Mojahehedin guerrillas were released after oppression by reigning government. Their release at the moment when people wanted revolution gave them popularity and used this advantage to organize attacks on government buildings such as offices and financial institutions. These groups also took advantage to separate the armed forces within the Shah government by urging them to arm the protestors. The main aim of these oppressed political prisoners was to destabilize the country within the shortest period of time. Moreover, they frequently attacked the army. This report makes a conclusion that from the analysis of strategic measures put in place by Khomeini such as the use of Islamic laws in governance, Shah’s regime was overthrown. Additionally, massive strikes, protests and military government contributed greatly to the economic crisis that occurred during the Iranian revolution. Therefore, Shah’s political failure as a result of miscalculated political moves and governance method gave the opposition an opportunity to bring revolution in Iran.

Identification of factors associated with the reversion of diagnosed Essay

Identification of factors associated with the reversion of diagnosed case of DDH back to normal - Essay Example Moreover, as it has been evidenced that most of the diagnosed cases revert back to normal condition also proposes a question why should these patients treated when the situation may turn to normal To explore the association, between diagnosed cases of DDH who reverted back to normal and the characters possessed by these cases, a case control study is proposed to be carried out in Yorkhill, Royal Hospital for Sick Children. This study will explore the association between various characteristics and the cases of DDH reverted back. The findings will be helpful in formulating a framework of analysis based on which the candidates with DDH will need treatment. This association will be seen through the analysis at multivariate level using SPSS software version 14.0. the association will be assessed by the risk ratios along with the confidence interval around the estimates. Over the last two decades much knowledge has been added to Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) previously known as the congenital hip dislocation (CHD). DDH affects the ball and socket type of hip joint when there is problem in fitting the head of the femur in the socket of the acetabulum. This fitting may be of different degree ranging from subluxatable, dislocateable or currently dislocated when examined (Developmental dysplasia of hip,Orth surg) (Fuloria 2002). The incidence rate of DDH is fairly high in the Europe and neighbouring areas. A study carried out in Dublin revealed an incidence of 3.2 per 1000 when screening was done by the ultrasonography (Lowry 2006). While in Turkey, it was found that 4 out of 1000 not-at-risk boys presented with DDH; the rate was even higher for not-at-risk girls, 19 per 1000 girls (Akgun 2006). These studies were carried out for newborn babies. There are chances that these newborn may miss the diagnosis at birth and present late, after 6 mon ths, frequency of late presentation is also not low; in Ireland 1.14 per 1000 children born during 1983-87 were presented late (Maxwell 2002). This condition poses a problem during walking if a newborn with DDH is missed the diagnosis. The newborn walks by limping, toe walking or waddling (duck like gait). This causes severe physical disability as well as poses stigma to the growing child (Developmental dislocation hip, Amer Acade) (Developmental dysplasia hip Orth surg) (Bouchar). The associated risk factors are first born child, female sex, and breech presentation. It has been evidenced that female are more prone to this problem as compared to males and the ratio is 5-9 females for 1 male who are affected by this pathology. DDH has been seen to present with left hip joint involvement than right hip joint. The reasons have not been explored as yet for the preponderance of the diseases in these situations (Developmental dislocation hip, Amer Acade) (Developmental dysplasia hip Orth surg). To fix the problem at an early stage a newborn is thoroughly examined by the paediatrician for DDH, along with routine examination, when she/he has got some risk factors involved or some findings are present at the time of first new born examination. The further screening is performed with a consultation of an orthopaedic surgeon and if required a radiologist is also involved for

Tissue Types in the Human Body

Tissue Types in the Human Body A tissue is a large collection of cells that carry out a specific function together. Organisms are made up of groups of different tissues. There are four main types of tissues, these are: Epithelial tissue, Muscle tissue, Connective tissue and Nervous tissue. These four tissue types each have their own specific function vital the human body. Because of this, each type of tissue contain cells with specific organelles appropriate to the tissues function. The addition, removal, or adaption of cell features can impact greatly on a tissue, giving it the properties it needs in order to accomplish its role in the body. Epithelial tissue covers the whole of the bodys surface. Epithelial cells are packed closely together in one or more layers. Epithelial tissue specialises in covering the bodys external and internal surfaces. The epithelial tissue located in the bodys interior is known as endothelium. Epithelial tissue can be split into two groups depending on the number of layers its composed of. When the epithelial tissue is only one cell thick its known as simple epithelium. However if the epithelium tissues is two or more cells thick, such as the skin, its known as stratified epithelium.   The main purpose of the epithelial cell is to protect the surfaces it covers, in some cases however specialised epithelial tissues are able to take part in absorption, excretion, secretion, diffusion, and cleaning. Epithelial tissue has the ability to repair itself this is due to the basement membrane which is a selectively permeable membrane. The epithelial tissues ability to repair itself is very useful as it comes under constant wear and tear because of its protective function. The repair process requires a lot of protein to be produced, therefore a large rough endoplasmic reticulum is needed in order to synthesise large amounts of protein. The top layer of cells within the epithelial tissue is often keratinised, making it stronger and more resistant to damage. The nucleus within the epithelial tissue cells are able to change shape depending on the overall shape the cell structure will take on. The nucleus does this in order for the epithelial cells to fit closely together. Epithelial cells can also contain appendages known as cilia, depending on the tissues function. Cilia are often found in epithelial tissue located in areas such as the throat. Cilia waft the mucus with in the throat, reducing restriction and build up. Muscle tissue There are three types of muscle tissue: Smooth muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac (heart) muscle tissue. The main function of muscle tissue is to create movement of, and in the body. A large of amount of energy is needed within the muscle tissue due to its function, movement. This energy comes from ATP which is made within the tissues cells. Because of this muscle cells contain a vast amount of mitochondria which is responsible for creating ATP. The large number of mitochondria means vast amounts of ATP can be produced and then converted into kinetic energy needed for the muscle movement. Muscle tissues need to be sturdy and resilient due to the amount and type of movement carried out by the cell. This is accomplished by the cell membranes of the muscle cells, known as the sarcolemma. Smooth muscle tissue controls slow, involuntary movements. Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for the movement of the various bones of the skeleton. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only on the hearts walls, it shows characteristics of both smooth muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue is responsible for the contraction of the atria and vesicles of the hear t. Muscle tissue is strong due to its outer layer of collagen fibre, which covers the inner layer known as the plasma membrane. Muscle tissue needs to be able to contract to perform its function. To do this calcium is needed. The calcium needs to be stored within the cell and transferred when needed. The calcium needed is packaged and kept in the cells sarcoplasmic reticulum this is an organelle similar to the SER. The cytoplasm of muscle tissues, called sarcolemma, is unique because it contains large particles of glycogen (storage of energy) and has a high concentration of calcium. This enables the muscle to contract efficiently Connective Tissue Connective tissue can be found within and throughout the human body, taking on many forms varying on its function. Whether its tendons and bones, or blood and skin. The main function of connective tissue is to support the human body and connect together different types of tissues. Connective tissue usually has scattered cells throughout an extracellular matrix. Connective tissues are composed of three main types of cells: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, and Mast cells. Fibroblasts are responsible for creating an extracellular matrix within the tissue, this gives the connective tissue elasticity needed so the tissue can stretch and then return to its original shape when needed. Collagen and proteins mostly make up the matrix providing strength to the tissues as well as flexibility. Macrophages are cells that come from blood cells and clean any Foreign particles present through the process of phagocytosis. The final primary cell type is the Mast cell. The mast cell communicates with the bodys blood chemically, instructing it when to clot its blood, or inflame particular tissues. Mast cells provide the connective tissues with vital reparative properties that are needs when damage takes place. Nervous tissue Nervous tissues are built of nerve cells. The main function of the nervous tissue is relaying electrical impulses from one are in the body to another, collecting, sending and managing information from area to area. The nervous tissue is made up of special nerve cells called neurones. Neurones transmit impulses at a very fast rate and are easily stimulated. The three main neurone types are: Sensory neurone, Motor neurone and connector neurones. Nervous cells are built of a standard cell body, contain cell organelles such as; nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane and cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus however is slightly different, not only can it process and package proteins it can also process and package neurotransmitters. At either end of the cell body are protrusions. One of these protrusions is known as the axon, this is a nerve fibre that attaches to the soma, carrying impulses away from it. The axon has a specially adapted membrane that can connect with the membrane of a targeted cell, letting impulses be carried into it. These connections are known as synapses. The dendrite which stems from the other end of the soma, works differently to the axon, picking up impulses from surrounding neurones and transmitting it to its own soma. A material made of protein and fat known as the myelin sheath, acts as a sheath around the axon of a nerve cell. Its primary functions are to protect and insulate the nerve fibre, stopping impulses leaving he cell from incorrect areas, and also increase the speed of the impulses. Ranvier are regular gaps that are located along the sheath, these let nutrients and waste enter and leave the neurone. They also let the impulses move along the neurone itself. These features are what give the nervous tissue the ability to send information to different areas of the body and coordinate bodily functions allowing the body to carry out its intended purpose

The Cruel Joke of Life Exposed in Vonneguts Cats Cradle :: Vonnegut Cats Cradle Essays

The Cruel "joke" of Life Exposed in Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Cat's Cradle is set up like a series of comic strips, with satirical commentary found in the last "panel". What, then, could we conclude is the accumulative punchline for the entire novel? What does Vonnegut give us for his "last laugh"? If we attempt to answer this question, we must first try solving the answers to "what is the joke?" and "who is the joker?" It seems Vonnegut's characters are the victims to the cruel "joke" of life. In Cat's Cradle he suggests that God is the joker. Like any good comedian, he must consider his timing and his audience. By using human beings that are always trying to understand it all in a scientific age, it becomes the perfect "set-up". His method of delivering the joke seems to be either through Religion or Science. In the novel, the more the characters try to find the meaning of life, the funnier and more absurd the joke becomes. And no one is laughing harder than Bokonon. Julian Castle quotes this poem from The Books of Bokonon after Jonah shrieks, "My God-life! Who can understand even one minute of it?" Tiger got to hunt, Bird got to fly; Man got to sit and wonder, 'Why, why, why?' Tiger got to sleep, Bird got to land; Man got to tell himself he understand (150). Bokononism is a witty, satirical retort to the methods that God uses to play his joke. Bokonon and his followers understand the joke and even play along. When the final "punchline" is about to be delivered (when the ice nine is released), the Bokononists, who seem to have always anticipated an end to this prank called life, willingly eat the ice nine and kill themselves.

Using Literature as a Gateway to Critical Thinking

Sometimes, the groans can be heard clear across a campus, and they resonate in memory for years. When a professor assigns a text for reading, anything from the poem â€Å"Just to say† by William Carlos Williams to Herman Melville’s â€Å"Moby Dick,† the students are rapid to react as if they have been handed a death sentence. In some cases, this is because they have so much their reading on their plates that they just feel overwhelmed, but many times, it is a matter of their previous failures to grasp anything meaningful from a literature assignment. This later is the primary point of importance in continuing to distribute the literature. Many university students lack a fundamental grasp on the tools they require to read and write critically, which in turns leaves them without the ability to think and reason in logical and critical terms. The influence of critical thinking on the success of a student at the university level is undeniable.   It will influence how well they comprehend the texts in front of them. It will affect the way in which they can relate one text to another across classroom and semester borders. It will also have a great effect in the way in which they can communicate their ideas to both their peers and their instructors. The way in which a student learns to read and produce written work will be the fundamental core of their language and communication abilities without regard to area of specialization. This learning begins very early in childhood. Learning to read as a child one develops a sense that the author is the beginning and end of the page, and the words used are there for the sole purpose of the surface story. Once a student is capable of surpassing this stage and he or she begins to consider the works on a deeper philosophical level the real learning begins. The student will begin reading for more than simple content and an entire new world will open up full of possibilities. Many students will never learn to recognize the deeper or more subtle meaning in many of the texts unless they are first exposed to it in literature.   Poetry is exceptionally useful for this purpose. The allusions, worked in through metaphor, simile, and symbolism, give a deeper insight to the position of the author from the outset. The famous lines of â€Å"This is Just to Say† by William Carlos Williams provides an excellent example for this type of inquiry: I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold If five students are asked what the narrator is really speaking about, the instructor will likely get five, or more, differing opinions. The poem may be about real plums.   The poem may be about the consumption of personal space or time.   The poem may be speaking on the conceit that obtaining forgiveness for acting may be earier to obtain than permission. These tools allow the student to understand there is a greater depth to the approach than the simple words on the page as a literal expression of a real object, place, or person. At the same time, these keys offer a new light on the author’s angle of approach. Knowing where the author is coming from helps to weed out fallacious arguments, personal vendettas, and even suppositions masquerading as facts. While others ideas can help a reader to formulate their own intellectually sound opinions, those ideas will only be as firmly grounded as the foundation of facts they are based on. The number of times that something is presented as a fact, only to turn out to be an opinion may really shock and surprise many of the students who are used to opening a text for a class and consuming what is before them for regurgitation. This technique is particularly well suited to high schools where the teacher to student ratio often precludes discussion. When the students then have to begin seeking out secondary sources and turn to the internet for information they will have to confront decisions on what is ‘good information’ versus ‘bad information.’ They will not even be able to be certain that newspaper articles and TV shows presented as news are giving them the honest facts. Looking at headlines on the internet, with a tool such as Google News, you can instantly see how word choices affect the entire tone of a story and change meaning dramatically even when reporting on the same incident. By giving students the tools they need to think critically, through the exploration of literature, the universities will begin to overcome the most common objections to much of the assigned reading. These students will begin, and continue, to question even those facts and ideas that appeal to them. This will give them the ability to construct strong and fair opinions of their own. It will lead them to be more cautious when writing papers for any number of disciplines. Not only will they have the moral stamina to stand up for their opinions, they will be certain that their opinions and statements are both fully realized and backed up with good documentation. The trouble with literature in the classrooms is not in the amount of time spent on literature itself, but on the lack of time spent on discussing the literature to bring about these changes to the culpabilities of the students as critical thinkers. Just reading it is not good enough.   In order to derive a benefit which will deepen the experience of education, and therefore contribute more effectively to the community, the time must be taken to teach explication as well as construct. Defining the importance of literature for the students and then perusing the matter if educating with it as a matter of common course is imperative to the end result of a well educated individual. These individuals will return more to society than what they take from it. In order the continue to chip away at the disparity between classes, races, and even genders, it is important to continue to train students who will think and reason in logical and critical terms through the ability to read and write critically. Literature is as imperative as resource as the air they breathe.

Philisophical Elements of the film essays

Philisophical Elements of the film essays How do you know things that you are certain you know? You may have a strong believe in a god, but how can you be certain that god exists? Perhaps you know for certain that you are love with your partner, but how are you to know what love truly is? How do we know what is real? Questions such as these are the basis of epistemology. Commonly referred to as knowledge theory, epistemology examines Western assumptions and explore variations of them by posing the question how do we know?. As human beings we are far to accepting ideas and beliefs that are presented to us be it by or parents, our friends, our society, or even our teachers. We accept the beliefs presented to us so much so that we embrace them and hold them as our own, we are conditioned to do so. I have been taught from a young age to identify a firm, red fruit by its appropriate title apple. Similarly, I have been taught that any knowledge obtained by the senses is in essence real. For example I know that the keyboard that I am typing on exists, that it is, in essence, real. I am able to come to this conclusion through the use of my senses, I am able to touch the keyboard as well as see it, therefore, it must exist. Philosophers agree that deciding how we know is a critical preliminary to attaining what we know. In other words, the basis of our knowledge provides its justification. Richard Linklaters film Waking Life is accurately illustrates such a philosophies. Waking Life revolves around the life of the main character. Wiley who is Dreaming. While dreaming Willy meets many different individuals each with their own unique philosophies. Through out the movie Willy is confronted with many problems, particularly that he is unable to wake up from his dreams. Each attempt made to wake from a dream Wiley simply enters into another. This s...

Unknown Chemical Lab

Unknown Chemical Lab Kenneth Porlaris Period 2 Ms. Buckly Finding the Unknown Chemical Purpose: The purpose of this lab on the third day was to find the uknown chemical by doing expriements to figure out what is the unknown chemical.Background: There are numerous organic chemical groups. The ones we are studying are, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Beginning with carbohydrates, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are elements of molecules in this specific group. The molecules link together makes different types of carbohydrates. Some types are polysaccharide, monosaccharide, and disaccharide. The elements that are found in the molecules of Nucleic Acids are hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen. Nucleic acdis have two froms, RNA and DNA. RNA is a nucleic acid that froms a copy of DNA for use for making proteins. DNA is an organic genetic code that has instructions used to form all of an organism's enzymes and to structure the protein.Benedict CumberbatchElements that are found in Lipids are hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Lipids are very important for proper functioning of the organism insulation, also known as energy storage and protective skin. An example of this would be glycerol. Proteins contains carbons, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules provide tissues and organs to transport the metabolism through the cells. Its very important for transporting oxygen to the blood stream. It makes up practically all our body, such as finger nails, and hair. One of the tests was the Iodine test, which tests for polysaccharides.If the chemical were a polysaccharide it would then turn into a dark purpleor black color. Another test was the Benedict's test which tests formonosaccharide, which should turn the chemical into a tangerine, reddishcolor. The third test is the Biurette test, which tests for proteins whetherit's a positive protein or negative protein. The last test...

Grand Valley Dani Peaceful Warriors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grand Valley Dani Peaceful Warriors - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the people of the Grand Dani are believed to have resided in this area of New Guinea for centuries, according to Karl Heider. The technology of these people is very limited and the only resources that were basically utilized in the 70’s era were stones and bamboo instruments. Also, their way of preservation deals almost entirely on horticulture for sustenance. Their culture and previous style of life have practically vanished away, due to Western missionaries’ encroachments and the degree of far-reaching variables in the environment due to World War II. The sociological structure of the Dani people differs greatly from American society. They are not totally united as a social network and do not necessarily have to rely on one another’s individual contributions to the clan in order to persevere. The main lifestyle objectives of the Dani women are kept separate from the men. While the men do more technical and constr uctive work, the women’s primary attentiveness is on tending to the children, gardening, tending and feeding the pigs, making salt, and weaving carrying baskets. The work among these people is almost always assigned to gender or in an age categorization. What unites them as a whole is the similarity that they have in regards to their values, beliefs, and rituals. Though it might be hard to believe, the men are the ones that normally weave the skirts that the women wear. Furthermore, they are the ones that also perform the myriad of ceremonies and rituals. The men also build the wood and grass houses and ready the fields by plowing, for the women to be able to plant the sweet potatoes (Heider 2004). One quite notable difference between the Dani people and American’s is the definite lack of specialized skills within their community. The Dani’s primary food source is sweet potatoes, although they do have other fruits and vegetables as well. Their only meat source comes from the pigs that they raise (Heidi 1970). The Dani Valley consists of a huge network of fields which the Dani improvise on and develop into harvested areas for gardening purposes. This is a year round process and there is always a field in the procurement of being harvested (Heidi 2004). Their irrigation technique involves constructing ditches around the fields so that there will be a proper route for excess water to drain. These same ditches are utilized to allow needed water into the harvested fields in the dry season of the Dani Valley. The social organization of the Dani is divided into two groups. The Wida or the Waija, which are the two designated social circles within the community. This simply means that each individual person is an aspectual part of their father’s moiety. They are required to marry outside the moiety that the reside in (Heider 1996). Though this works well for their people and their belief system, there are instances when complications arise among this type of social structure. For example, every Dani is born into the Wida moiety, no matter the specification, of which group, the father is bound too. The separation of social recognition does not occur until marriage, during the pigs feast (Heider 1996). In regards to the political aspects of the Dani people, there are different allegiances. Extended family compounds become part of a large confederation, usually equaling 1000 individuals (Heider 2004). It is the confederations that co-exist in a stable and peaceful, multi unit society. Although they might present more stability in family life, the allegiances among them often change (Heider 1970). There are no written laws or any real legal constraints, unless verbalized. Also, they share the same unique culture and belief system despite what group they are affiliated with. Their belief in marriage has a very distinct variation from an American perspective. They believe in Polygony, which is the custom of having more

The Annandale Booth Restaurant Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Annandale Booth Restaurant - Case Study Example It is the duty of a chef or head cook to appoint and train prep persons and dishwashers (Bradach, 1997). Moreover, a chef or head cook is also responsible for the equipments, menu and also for the buying supplies as well. One chef is adequate for Brooks. The kitchen staff the kitchen staff of a restaurant may comprise of the following persons, such as, bread and pastry baker, vegetable, fry or a sauce chef. Moreover, each chef or cook is assigned with a specific task and has a specific job designation as well. Brooks needs at least 3 kitchen staff which can support the head chef. Kitchen workers the kitchen workers are assigned with the following tasks, such as, go after pots and pans, sit and strain soups and sauces and also to weigh and measure the ingredients as well. Moreover, they are also required to clean, peel, and slice vegetables and fruits and also to prepare salads as well. Waiter/waitress – the waiter or the waitresses in a particular restaurant are equired to perform following task, such as, serve food adn beverages, prpeare itemized chekcs and also to take customers orders as well. Moreover, they are aslo required to ensure that the person who comes to purchase alcohol or tobacco products are not under age. Brooks needs at least 4 of them on a shifting basis. Dishwasher – a dishwasher is required to supply pans, pots, utensils and aslo to clean the dishes as well. Moreover, they may also require to clean the kitchen and remove the garbage as well. In this regard, two dishwashers would be optimum for the Brooks. This method for employee selection could be highly helpful for brooks as they can recruit experienced employees for their new office and can havea headstart for their new office. Internal sourcing involves issuing an advertisement which can allow employees to have an idea regarding an available position in the organization, for which they can send their job applications. Internal sourcing has been the most common and

ERM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

ERM - Essay Example Innovation in the public sector context: In public sector context, innovation is defined as application of new ideas to produce improved outcomes. It is creating and implementing products, services or methods of delivery to improve the efficiency, the effectiveness and the quality of outcomes (Hargadon, Andrew 2003). Generally the public sector is considered as a passive receiver of innovation taking place in the private sector by the private companies, but the public institutions do innovate as well. Innovation takes place across government’s public sector entities these include policy development, different approaches for using technology, program delivery, also organizational innovation to provide new services. Every public servant should realize and appreciate the importance and diversity of innovation, and find such ways to achieve it that minimizes its risks (Mulgan & Albury 2003). Different forms and dimensions of innovation: Innovation theories show that it can take ma ny forms as some will be transformational, representing s a substantial departure from the past. Others include organizational improvements or emergent technologies. Innovation can be triggered within a sector/institution or by external influences. Different types of innovation in the public sector include the following streams. Firstly shaping policy directions; here the public sector role is to provide consultancy to government’s decision making related to policies and programs by providing objective and reasoned advices. Second type is implementation of policies and programs that is by delivering services to the country’s community efficiently and effectively. Lastly there are administrative innovations that introduce new internal processes and practices aimed at improving productivity and reducing costs (Paul Cunningham). Benefits of Innovation: There are many diverse benefits of innovation. Innovation is crucial for the enhancement of economic performance, welfare of the society, and for the stability of the environment, these benefits of innovation are widely recognized. Innovation can also drive new directions and enable better performance. It can improve an organization’s or a sector’s (public or private) efficiency as innovation would provide not only higher quality but also more timely services to citizens. It will also reduce business transaction costs. One of the major benefits of innovation is that it provides new methods of operation, and it is only innovation that helps moving from the present to future (Reilly 2013). Two Basic Drivers for Innovation: One of the main drivers for innovation specifically in public sector includes new and changing government as well as community expectations, to meet these expectations the public sector needs to innovate. The other driver for innovation in the public sector is the need for coordinated approaches, this is when there are discrepancies in the current approaches and are not sufficient for the new changing system, hence innovation is to come up with new approaches and refined processes that can fulfill the requirements (Boden & Miles 2000). Private and public sector innovation: Both the private and public sector innovation have some differences, commonalities, and synergies. Some aspects of public sector inn

William Goldings Lord of the flies, and Stevensons Jekyll and Hyde Essay Example for Free

William Goldings Lord of the flies, and Stevensons Jekyll and Hyde Essay Both William Goldings Lord of the flies, and Stevensons Jekyll and Hyde focus on the duality of mans evil and the reasons for that sudden change in character. Golding is rather more interested in group evil, and the way that this develops in people, whereas Stevenson focuses on singular evil and the powers that drive a man to befriend the devil. In 1954, after being in the Second World War, Golding reflected on the evil he had seen in his fellow men, and was appalled at how cruel, animal like, and savage humans could be. He wrote this book to show the real nature of men and how taking away civilized society could change people very quickly into evil creatures, once the rules have all but gone, I learned during World War two just how brutal people can be to each other. Not Just Germans or Japanese, but everyone. I tried to point that out. Some have said that the brutality of the novel is impossible, its not, look at any newspaper, William Golding emphasizing the evil theme to his book. Being a teacher in the 1950s, he was in constant contact with younger children and was shocked at their naivety and lack of belief that evil existed in their picture perfect society. So on the island to represent evil, he created Jack Merridew. Jack is a parody of Hitler, who in the 1940s was trying to take over the world with his Nazi regime, Jack stabbed in the air with his index finger, this quote shows a certain likeness to Hitlers behavior and his very evil mind. Being brought up in Victorian England, Stevenson was living in a very class orientated society. Issues such as sex, crime, and murder were all both brushed under the carpet and forgotten about, or were never spoken of in social context. Middle class Victorian men were expected to be true gentlemen to whom sex was a very low priority. This ignoring of sex and other taboo issues led many men and women to lead double lives; in public they were very orderly and well conducted but behind closed doors or when darkness fell they would emerge and show the true nature of their wildly person. Evil was also another subject that was totally ignored, and consequently people denied its existence. So, in his book Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Robert Stevenson aimed to show that evil was alive and well in Victorian London society and that middle class peoples double personalities could be very different and often a great deal more sinister than the face that they showed in public. The amount of evil and villainous material in Victorian literature was so little, so being influenced by such novels as Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and big crimes of the day such as Jack the Ripper, he decided to write and to explore the idea of what evil in texts would be like. In Lord of the Flies evil is explored and displayed in the form of two young boys; Jack and Roger. This alone is quite unusual as young boys are not usually classed or seen as evil characters, but this book is anything but usual in every sense of the word. In this novel the main evil character, Jack has a definite need to dictate over all others around.

temperature on the activity of liver

temperature on the activity of liver Introduction: Catalase is a common enzyme found in living and it acts as a protective mechanism for delicate biochemical machinery of cells. The enzyme catalyzes the exothermic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 Hydrogen Peroxide is a by product produced by many living organisms during the process of metabolism. Hydrogen Peroxide is a very toxic substance (a power oxidizing agent) to cells and must be broken down in order to protect the cells from subsequent damage. Aim: The aim of the experiment is to investigate the effect of varying temperature has on the rate of enzyme catalyzed reaction. The focused reaction is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with the enzyme catalyze. The presence of catalase can be demonstrated by dropping a small piece of fresh liver tissue into dilute hydrogen peroxide solution. In this experiment, pieces of liver tissue will be put into different temperatures of water for 5 minutes. After that the liver tissues will be placed into separate solutions of hydrogen peroxide and the amount of oxygen gas produced in a minute will be measured using a gas syringe. Hypothesis: Temperature is a measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. More specifically, it is a measure of kinetic energy in a sample of matter. On a molecular level, temperature is the result of motion of particles which make up a substance. As the temperature increases, the motion also increases. The motion may be due to external energy applied to the particle of internal energy from the vibration of the particle. As temperature is increased, molecules have increased active energy and reactions between them and the probability that the particles will collide with each other will also be greater, this increasing the rate of reaction. In chemical reactions, for every 10 °C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction approximately doubles. This property is known as the temperature coefficient of a chemical reaction. However in a enzyme catalyzed reaction the effect of temperature is more complex, for proteins change shape by heat. There are many factors that can affect the structure of a protein such as temperature and ph. When a protein is exposed to heat, it causes the atoms to vibrate violently, breaking and disturbing bonds within the protein, therefore changing the chemical characteristics of the protein. I hypothesize that as the temperature of the water bath that the liver tissue is exposed increases; the amount of oxygen gas liberated will also increase up. I believe that there will be an optimum temperature for the enzyme and going pass the optimum level will cause a drastic decrease in enzyme activity (less oxygen gas will be produced). Since catalase is found in almost all living things, including humans, I predict that the optimum temperature for catalase will be Variables: Independent Variable Temperature of water bath liver tissue is placed In ( °C) Dependant Variable Volume of oxygen produced in a minute (ml/min) Controlled Variable Concentration of the Hydrogen Peroxide Volume of Hydrogen Peroxide Mass of liver tissue The concentration of hydrogen peroxide must be kept constant because according to the Collision Theory proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916 and 1918, increasing the concentration, increases the chances of particles hitting each other. The volume of hydrogen peroxide should also be kept constant. Increasing the volume of hydrogen peroxide increase the substrate concentration and thus increasing the rate of reaction. Finally the mass of liver tissue should also be kept constant to try control the amount of enzyme molecules present. Increasing the number of enzymes means there are more active sites present and substrate molecules do not have to â€Å"queue up† for access to an active site. Ultimately increasing enzyme concentration can also result in an increase in rate of reaction therefore the mass of the liver tissue should also be controlled. Equipment: Equipment Quantity Notes Digital Stop Watch 1 Thermometer 1  ± 0.5 °C Digital Balance to two decimal places 1  ± 0.01g Conical Flask 7 250ml Beaker 1 500ml (for water bath) Gas Delivery Tube 1 Gas Syringe 1  ±0.5ml Retort stand 1 Clamp 1 Boss 1 Bench Mat 2 Safety Goggles 1 Deionized Water Bottle 1 Packet of Ice 1 Used for temperature below 30 °C Matches 1 Used to light Bunsen Burner Chemicals -Dilute Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 1 Concentration (2M) Volume (800ml) Safety Note: Eye protection should be worn at all times If liquid gets into eye, flood the eye with a gentle running tap for 10 minutes and seek medical attention If hydrogen peroxide is spilt in the lab, cover it with mineral absorbent. Dilute with water and wash liquid. Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a dark brown bottle and care must be taken when removing the cap as it is possible that pressure may have built up inside it. Method: Draw up a suitable table or tables to record the results. Carefully cut 7 pieces of cow liver tissue using a knife and a cutting mat. Weigh each piece of liver tissue carefully on the electric balance. Make sure each liver tissue weighs roughly around 0.5 grams. Place each liver tissue into a separate boiling tube and add 40ml of deionized water to each boiling tube once the liver tissue is situated at the bottom of the boiling tube. Place the heating mat on the table with the tripod on top of the heating mat. Gently place the gauze on the tripod. Once this is done, place the beaker on the tripod and slowly heat up the water with a Bunsen burner. Place a boiling tube with a liver tissue sample into the water and put a thermometer in the tube. Heat the beaker until liver sample solution reaches 70 °C. Measure temperature of water with a thermometer. After that, carefully measure out 100ml of hydrogen peroxide with a measuring cylinder and transfer the solution to a 250ml conical flask. Connect one end of the gas delivery tube to the gas syringe and the other to the conical flask Remove the liver tissue from the boiling tube with a pair of tweezers and place it into the conical flask with the hydrogen peroxide. Quickly cork the conical flask once the liver tissue is dropped into the solution of hydrogen peroxide. Beginning timing the time once the liver tissue touches the hydrogen peroxide solution. Stop the stop watch after 1 minute and record the amount of gas produced. Read off the gas syringe. When the reading is taken, remove the cork and dispose of the hydrogen peroxide in the chemical waste container. Repeat the above steps until data points from 10 °C to 70 °C are recorded.. For readings below 30 °C, cool the liver tissue sample with an ice bath. Diagram: Results: Table of Results Volume of Gas Produced in a Minute (ml) Temperature ( °C) Trial 1  ±0.5ml Trial 2  ±0.5ml Trial 3  ±0.5ml Average ±1 ml 20 32.0 33.0 35.0 33 30 40.0 36.0 41.0 39 40 45.0 47.0 50.0 47 50 54.0 52.0 54.0 53 60 63.0 60.0 65.0 63 70 43.0 37.0 40.0 40 80 4.0 2.0 4.0 3 Table 1.0 Raw Data Table 1.1 Qualitative Observations Temperature ( °C) Observations 20 Effervescene, gentle bubbling in solution 30 Effervescene, gentle bubbling in solution 40 Greater effervescence, more bubbling in solution 50 Vigorous effervescence and bubbling 60 Violent effervescene, violent liberation of gas, bubbling in solution 70 Effervescene, gentle bubbling in solution 80 Bubbling in solution Graph 1.0 Temperature and the Amount of Oxygen Liberated from Liver Tissue Sample Graph 1.0 The graph above shows the relationship between the temperature of the water bath the liver tissue sample was put it and the amount of oxygen gas liberated from the sample after dropping it in dilute hydrogen peroxide in 1 minute. The graph clearing shows that as the temperature increases, the amount of gas also increases up to 60 °C. From 60 °C onwards, the amount of oxygen gas produced decreases drastically and there is a downward slope of the curve. Discussion: From the data obtained, there is an increase of oxygen produced as the temperature of the water bath increases. This trend however only applies to the data points from 20-60 °C. At 70 °C however, there is a significant drop in the amount of oxygen gas produced and at 80 °C, the amount of oxygen gas produced is less than 5ml. From the graph, the relationship is clearly represented. Up to about 60 °C the amount of oxygen gas produced increases and ten-degree rise in temperature is accompanied by 6-7ml increases in oxygen gas produced. The amount of oxygen gas produced decrease at high temperatures as shown from 70-80 °C. So as the temperature rises, the amount of enzyme progressively decreases and the amount of gas produced is less. As a result of these two effects of heat on enzyme, there is an apparent temperature for an enzyme. Using the graph, the optimum temperature of catalase is approximately at 60 °C. The properties of a protein greatly depends on its three dimensional shape of the molecule. Exposure to heat causes the atoms to vibrate violently and this can cause bonds within the protein between different amino acid to break, resulting in a loss of the proteins biological properties. This is known as denaturation of a protein. Heating causes a proteins biological properties to change such as optical rotation, shape of active site and bonding. The active site of the enzyme is what defines the enzyme. If the active site changes, the substrate molecules will no longer fit the active site of the enzyme. This is shown in the diagram below. A proteins stability depends primary on the hydrophobic effects and to a lesser extent, by the interactions between polar residues and by other types of bonding. There are four levels of protein structure each playing a significant in the stability of the protein. The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acid residues attached by peptide linkages. Proteins differ in the variety, number and the order if their constituent amino acids. Changes is just one specific amino acid in the sequence of a protein can alter a proteins property. The secondary structure of a protein develops when parts of the polypeptide chain take up a particular shape. The most common shapes are either coiling to form ÃŽ ± helixes or into ÃŽ ² sheets. The tertiary structure of a protein is the distinctive and precise structure, unique to that specific protein. This is usually the result of further folding and interactions within the molecule. The shape is held together permanently by four differ ent types of bonds: hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl and ketone functional groups, Van der Waals forces between neighboring atoms, disulphide bonds between two cysteine side chains and ionic bonds between oppositely charged ions. The stability of a protein is dependant of the balance of these three structures. Altering the balance of forces that maintains the native conformation of the protein will lead to denaturation. Conclusion: The hypothesis put forth before the experiment was correct. As the temperature of the water bath that the liver tissue is exposed increases; the amount of oxygen gas liberated will also increase up to a certain level. That level would be the optimum temperature of the enzyme and the optimum temperature of catalase deduced from the experiment is approximately 60 °C. Pass the optimum temperature, the amount of oxygen gas produced drastically decreases as the enzyme is starting to denature. At 80 °C, the enzyme is almost fully denatured and only a small amount of oxygen gas is produced. The literature value for the optimum temperature of catalase in human is about 37 °C which is the body temperature of a typical human being. The liver sample was taken from a cow and both cows and humans are able to regulate their own temperature. From this we can deduce that the optimum temperature of catalase for a cow should be roughly similar to a humans and somewhere around 37 -40 °C. The op timum temperature obtained from the experiment is 60 °C, this suggests that there may have been deviations or variations within the data. Limitation to Experiment: There are several limitations to our experiment to the experiment. One of the main limitations was controlling the temperature of the water baths. The temperature began to drop gradually once the boil tubes were placed into the beaker. This may have caused deviation and variations within the data. Another limitation was that the experiment was only repeated 3 times and there may still be room for anomalies and errors. Evaluation: As long as the temperature of the water baths were kept constant and the amount of gas produced was measured and read correctly, a good approximation of the optimum temperature of catalase in a cow can be found. However there are several key improvements that can be made. When the liver tissues were cut a lot was wasted and some of it got stuck to the spatula and to the top of the test tube. To compact the problem in the near future, the liver tissues stuck onto spatula could be washed off using a tiny amount of water or shook gently to try remove some of the liver tissue. The method for collected the oxygen gas could also have been improved. Some gas was lost due during the time it took me to insert the bung into the test tube. To minimize the amount of gas lost, have a partner put the bung on for you while you drop the liver tissue into the measuring cylinder. The temperature of the water baths started to drop after a few minutes and this may have lead to some slight deviation with in the data. In future make sure that the temperature of the water bath does not change too significantly. A slight modification would be to cover the beakers with a lid to prevent air from escaping. Another problem that arose during the experiment was keeping the temperatures of the water baths constant during tests and between trials. The problem was that different temperatures of liver samples were tested and it wouldnt be feasible to use a electronically controlled water bath to perform each test. The result was that a Bunsen burner was used but this creates several problems. It was extremely difficult to get exact temperatures and maintain them throughout the experiment. In future, the use of a heating plate would be more practical so as to prevent drastic changes in temperatures. To improve the experiment it may be better to use a solution of catalase rather than a liver as a source of catalase. By using a solution, the concentration and volume could be controlled and would be the whole experiment into a fairer test. Overall the results obtained have helped support the hypothesis put forth before the experiment. Finally the experiment could have been repeated a few more times so that a better average could be drawn from the data, resulting in a more reliable and accurate conclusion. References Clegg, C. J. (2007). Biology for the IB Diploma. London: Hodder Murray. Ophardt, C. E. (2003). Denaturation of Proteins. Retrieved January 3, 2009, from Elnhurst College Web site: http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/568denaturation.html Roberts, M. B. (1986). Biology a functional approach (4th ed.). Canada: Nelson. Voet, D. J., Voet, J. G., Pratt, C. W. (2008). Principles of Biochemistry. NJ: Jon Wiley Sons, Inc.

The Character of Simon in William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: William Golding Lord of the Flies

The Character of Simon in William Golding's Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout William Golding's, Lord of the Flies, many of the characters go through changes in their personality traits. From beginning to end, Simon goes through the smallest amount of change than anyone in the novel. Despite the fact that Simon did not really fit in with the other boys, he tried his hardest to make a difference in his and the other's lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning, Simon was described as a 'skinny, vivid little boy†¦,'; (Golding 24) showing that he was undersized and possibly weaker than the others. He stuck around Ralph for a while, went exploring with him and Jack, and even helped him build the shelters. It was not long before he began to wander off by himself to that little place among the creepers. The other boys thought he was 'queer†¦.funny.'; (55) because he was an outcast and rather strange.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the middle of Simon's stay on the island, he started to realize that he truly was different from the others. Every time he tried to talk to the other children, his 'effort fell about him in ruins; the laughter beat him cruelly and he shrank away defenseless to his seat.';(89) Just when he thought he had been accepted he embarrassed himself again, 'When he bashed into a tree Ralph looked sideways impatiently and Robert sniggered.';(104) They were getting restless with his behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end, he was trying more to tell the boys what he knew, but they just thought he was weird. He told Ralph, 'You'll get back alright.';(111) Ralph's response was only that he thought Simon was 'batty.'; In another instance, he went to tell the others that he found out what the beast really was (the parachutist), but got caught in their bestial dance. They heard him 'crying something about a body on the hill,'; (152) but it was too late. In the darkness, he had been mistaken for the beast and was killed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Simon's life was a short one and he did not have the time to go through much change, he proved that there was hope for being rescued.

Reaction Paper on Personality Theory Essay

If you were in this situation, how would you explain this mistake? Many of us might blame the slip on distraction or describe it as a simple accident. However, a psychoanalytic theorist might tell you that this is much more than a random accident. The psychoanalytic view holds that there are inner forces outside of your awareness that are directing your behavior. For example, a psychoanalyst might say that James misspoke due to unresolved feelings for his ex or perhaps because of misgivings about his new relationship. The founder of psychoanalytic theory was Sigmund Freud. While his theories were considered shocking at the time and continue to create debate and controversy, his work had a profound influence on a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, literature, and art. The term psychoanalysis is used to refer to many aspects of Freud’s work and research, including Freudian therapy and the research methodology he used to develop his theories. Freud relied heavily upon his observations and case studies of his patients when he formed his theory of personality development. Before we can understand Freud’s theory of personality, we must first understand his view of how the mind is organized. According to Freud, the mind can be divided into two main parts: 1. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory thepreconscious. . The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality–known as the id, the ego and the superego–work together to create complex human behaviors. The Id The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant’s needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people’s hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need. The Ego The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in both the conscious,preconscious, and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id’s impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification–the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id’s primary process. The Superego The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society–our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego: 1. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. 2. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. The Interaction of the Id, Ego and Superego With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego’s ability to function despite these dueling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego.